Galatians 2:1-21
Galatians 2:1-3:
2:1Next through fourteen years, again I
ascended into Jerusalem with Barnabas, having taken Titus also
together with (me), .2but I ascended according to
revelation, and I put-up-from-myself to them the good-message which
I herald-forth among the Gentiles, but privately to the (people)
considering, lest-somehow I may run or I ran into emptiness, .3but
not-even Titus, the (person) together with me being a Greek,
was constrained to be circumcised,
Paul continues documenting his activities to the churches of
Galatia: next through 14 years (having
passed-through all that happened during these years), I again, my third
time, went-up into Jerusalem where the 'headquarters' of the apostles
is, in company and association with Barnabas, having taken Titus along
in conjunction with me also.
These apostles (holy-people having been sent-forth on assigned specific
mission(s) by God or by the Lord Jesus Christ) were of the
Judean/Israeli background. Did Paul travel to Jerusalem just for the fun
of it, or did he go on vacation, or because he felt so good or so bad
about what was happening within the church as a whole at that time in
the walk/behavior category? No! Paul explains: I went-up to Jerusalem in
accordance with revelation (what was uncovered or revealed to me
made-known via my holy spirit-life by God or by the Lord Jesus Christ,
as though removing a veil to expose what had previously been hidden from
me pertaining to that situation).
And, when I arrived in Jerusalem, I put-up-from-myself to them the
good-message (I placed or set upward before them, held-up, declared and
clearly set-forth to them the gospel, the evangel) which I presently and
actively herald-forth among the Gentiles (I proclaim among people of
nations other-than Israel, different ethnic groups from
Israelites/Judeans, who have not yet believed what God says regarding
the Lord Jesus Christ and thus they have not yet received the gift of
holy spirit and become part of the church of God).
But I declared the good-message privately (according to our own selves,
by ourselves, aside from everybody else) to those holy-people who are
considering (supposing, the people having the responsibility to consider
all matters within the church – being by ourselves allowed the 'leaders'
to concentrate on the good-message which I herald-forth). I did that
lest in some manner (so that in no way) I would run (hasten, hurry,
quickly-move) at that time, or had previously ran, into or resulting-in
emptiness (becoming vain, void, empty of contents having no effect
regarding this trip to Jerusalem).
Paul did what he was asked to do by revelation properly and right-on with
God's intention/will so that he would not give any cause of jeopardizing
his mission to them at that time. He writes: but contrary to running or
having run into emptiness during that time in Jerusalem with the
holy-people (sanctified-people, Christians, saints, children of God),
not-even Titus, being a Greek-person (of the Gentile background) who
traveled with me, was constrained (compelled, caused to necessitate by
persuasion or by force) to be circumcised (cut-around and remove the
foreskin, prepuce). Circumcision is physically cutting the foreskin off
from the rest of the person's flesh which necessitated the shedding of
that person's blood while cutting but afterwards being healed and not
having to deal with that flesh anymore – see Genesis
chapter 17.
Some people must have been of the opinion that Paul's trip to Jerusalem
at that time would end up being a trip made in vain and that the
Jerusalem Christians would force Titus to be circumcised in accordance
with the covenant of law which had incorporated circumcision to be part
of it. Paul's good-message would of course include that holy spirit-life
is graciously given by God by means of the Lord Jesus Christ at the
moment a person believes what God says about Himself and the Lord Jesus
Christ. This is part of the covenant which was promised even before the
law or circumcision was instituted. The doing of the
law of Moses and fleshy circumcision today is not a requirement
of this covenant of spirit.
[Reference: Acts chapter 15; Romans 10:4; I Corinthians 9:24-27; II
Corinthians 3:6; II Thessalonians 3:1.]
Verses 4 and 5:
.4but because-of the led-in-beside
lying-brothers, the-people-who came-in-beside to scope-down our
freedom which we have in Christ Jesus in order that they will
enslave us, .5to whom we yielded with subjection not-even
towards an hour in order that the truth of the good-message may
throughly-remain with you.
Paul explains that there was reason for concern
during that time (refer to verse 2 above): on account of the
led-in-beside lying-brothers (the false-brothers, people who were
claiming to be my brother either genealogy-wise and/or holy spirit-wise,
whose description is: they bring themselves into places alongside others
even though they are not part of this group, they slip-by
surreptitiously, stealthily, sneakily, but in fact they are against this
group) who are the people who actively came into our
fellowship/gathering alongside of us. These lying-brothers entered into
the meeting of the church of God, God's children.
Their purpose was not to learn more about God and the Lord Jesus Christ
and the covenant of spirit, but their purpose was to scope-down
(look-intensely at, as a target, to closely watch and view) our freedom
which we (myself and those with me, plus every other
holy-person/Christian) presently and actively have in Christ Jesus (we
hold our liberty within the resurrected Christ Jesus who is the
efficient and instrumental cause of our having received holy
spirit-life, the spirit of Christ in us).
Why did they want to scope-down our freedom in Christ? For the purpose
and result that they will enslave us, bring us down into slavery,
servitude to their wrong doctrine of adhering to the covenant of
circumcision and the law of Moses which are no longer in force because
Christ has definitely accomplished redemption and salvation which is now
available to all of mankind.
We yielded with subjection (we gave-away, relinquished, gave-up by
arranging ourselves underneath in subordination, submission) to those
lying-brothers – how long? – not even for an hour, not for a limited
period of time; this figure emphasizes that we did not yield with
subjection to them at all! Why not? For the purpose and result that the
truth (the essential reality, inherent verity) of, consisting-of and
pertaining-to the good-message (gospel, evangel) would throughly-remain
with you (stay through and through, permanently and fully continue
unchanged in motion with you Galatian
holy-people, and all holy-people).
Paul did not want any of the churches to be affected by any wrong
doctrine which these lying people were attempting to infiltrate into
'headquarters' and thus would have spread from there throughout all the
surrounding areas if it were not stopped.
[Reference: Acts chapter 15; Romans 5:20, and 8:21; II Corinthians 3:17,
and 11:26; II Peter 2:1.]
Verses 6-10:
.6But from the (people) considering to
be something, what-kind they used-to-be at-some-time it differs
nothing to me, God does not receive (the) face of man – for
to me the (people) considering added-up-from-themselves
nothing, .7but contrariwise, having seen that I
was trusted-with2 the good-message of
uncircumcision according as Peter of
circumcision – .8for the (One) having in-worked
(in) Peter into apostleship of circumcision also in-worked
(in) me into the Gentiles – .9and having known the
grace, the (grace) having been given to me, James and Peter
and John, the (people) considering to be pillars, gave to me
and Barnabas (the) right(-hands) of sharing-in-common
in order that we (may go) into the Gentiles but they into the
circumcision, .10only in order that we may remember the
poor-people, which also I was earnestly-diligent to do this thing.
Regarding his meeting in Jerusalem, Paul writes: away-from those
supposing to be something of importance and repute within the church –
what sort they were at one time carries not-one differing way to/with me
(it makes no difference to me). Why not? God does not receive the face
of man (He does not actively take hold of the countenance presented in
front of His eyes, the visage given, from mankind)….
God does not base His decisions by taking the outward appearance of a man
as being the truth pertaining to that man, but on the contrary, God
looks inside the man, at his heart, the center/core of his being, the
seat of his whole personal self and life, which includes character,
attitude, etc. God is not a respecter or receptor of persons, no matter
how "high-up" the social ladder they may consider themselves to be, or
no matter what anybody else may think of them. God makes up His own
mind. He will not be fooled by the pretense of any person even if that
man were to wear a mask over his face to look like somebody else, or
when there is no intention of pretence on the part of the one presenting
himself before God.
Paul continues: in truth, those holy-people considering (and considered
by others to be something) did not add-up anything from themselves (they
put, laid, placed not-one thing additional from themselves) to/for/with
me, but as opposed to them adding-up something contrary to the
good-message and forcing it on me:
a) when they had seen (perceived, knew) that I had
been trusted-with and am still trusted-with the good-message relative-to
uncircumcision (all those who are physically
uncircumcised, still have their foreskin: people of the
Gentile/other-nation background) according as Peter had been
trusted-with and is still trusted-with the good-message relative to
circumcision (all those who are physically circumcised, have cut-around
removing their foreskin: people of the Israeli/Judean background)….
The Greek verb translated as "to be trusted-with" comes from the
root-word pisteuo which means "to
believe, to have faith, to trust" - when it is in the passive form of
the verb with accusative, as it is in this context here, it has the
meaning that the recipient of what is given is being believed-in by the
giver that he is willing and capable of taking-care-of and fulfilling
all that is involved pertaining to that-which is given to him. The
recipient is entrusted with what is given to him by the giver. God
entrusted Paul with the good-message (gospel, evangel regarding God and
His son, the Lord Jesus Christ) to be taught to Gentiles, and God
entrusted Peter with the same good-message to be taught to Judeans –
what a great privilege and responsibility had been entrusted to them!
a) Having seen that I was trusted-with and continue trusted-with the
good-message of uncircumcision according as
Peter of circumcision…
Paul inserts an explanation here: in truth,
- God
is the One Who has in-worked (worked within, produced effects by being
in work, energized) within Peter with-a-view-to and resulting-in
his apostleship (his mission and office, work-function, his assigned
function and duty of being a person sent-forth, sent-away on this
specific assignment) relative-to those people who became circumcised in
accordance with the covenant of circumcision and the law of Moses; and
- God
is also the One Who in-worked within me, Paul, with-a-view-to and
resulting-in my apostleship relative to the
Gentiles, those people who were not part of Israel/Judah and did not
become circumcised in the flesh.
…And…
b) when they had personally-known (obtained a truly
active and relative knowing of) the grace, the unmerited-favor which had
been given to me from God and from the Lord Jesus Christ enabling me to
carry-out my apostleship…
…then James and Peter and John, the men who are supposed to be pillars
(columns, firm-supports with responsibility within the church) actively
gave to me and Barnabas the right-hands of sharing-in-common (the
expression of bestowing their blessing and agreement of partaking
of/in/with the same-thing, participation and communion with one-another
of what is common to all).
James (the half-brother of Jesus, not the brother of John because his
brother James was killed as recorded in Acts 12:2) and Peter (one of the
twelve apostles chosen by Jesus) and John (also one of the twelve
apostles chosen by Jesus) had recognized and accepted that God was the
One Who had energized Peter with a view to his apostleship to the people
who were already circumcised, and that God was the One Who also had
energized Paul with a view to his apostleship to the people who were
still uncircumcised. James and Peter and John "shook-hands" as it were
with Paul and Barnabas as a token of being in agreement concerning their
ministries sharing the same good-message. It is interesting to notice
that James is listed first, not Peter.
These 'leaders' gave Paul and Barnabas the right-hands of
sharing-in-common at this time, Paul writes: for the purpose and result
that we (myself and Barnabas) would bring the good-message directed-to
the Gentiles, the uncircumcised people, but that they themselves would
bring the same good-message directed-to Judeans, the people who are
circumcised. The only request that James and Peter and John made was for
the purpose and result that we would remember the poor-people (actively
call to our minds and have in memory the people who are beggarly,
crouching in the begging position in need of certain things) – which
also I was earnestly-diligent to do this thing (I had speedy application
or performance, assiduity, endeavored with earnestness to do the same).
[Reference: Deuteronomy 10:17; I Samuel 16:7; II
Chronicles 19:7; Matthew 13:55, 16:18; Acts 9:15, 10:34, 12:2, and
chapter 15; Romans 15:15, and 16; Ephesians 3:8, and 6:9; Philippians
2:13; Colossians 3:25; I Timothy 1:11, and 2:7.]
Verses 11-13:
.11But when Cephas
came into Antioch I stood-against him face-to-face because he was
having been known-against2, .12for before
some-people came from James he used-to-eat-together with the
Gentiles but when they came he used-to-withdraw and he
used-to-separate himself being fearful (of) the (people)
from circumcision, .13and the remaining Judeans were
caused-to-be hypocritical-together with him so-that even Barnabas
was led-away-together with their hypocrisy,
Following the ending of this meeting in Jerusalem, Paul and Barnabas and
others went to Antioch (refer to Acts chapter 15). However, Paul writes
that: at the time when Cephas (the Aramaic
form of the Greek word Peter) went into Antioch (while myself and
Barnabas were still there), I stood-against (withstood, resisted) him to
his face, the objective cause being that he was habitually known-against
(something was known and brought down against him, and what he was doing
was continuing to happen).
What was known-against Cephas? Prior to some
people having come to Antioch away-from James who had remained in the
Jerusalem 'headquarters,' Cephas used-to
habitually eat in conjunction with the Gentiles (people of the Gentile
background, eating together being very close with family or intimate
friends), but when those men came he was actively withdrawing himself
(habitually kept himself back so as to draw himself underneath and
suppress or cover-up by stealth, he sent himself undercover and out of
sight so nobody would realize what he was really doing), and he was
actively separating himself (habitually set himself apart or away from
the group of holy-people all eating together) being frightful (afraid)
of those men who were out-from circumcision. The men who came from James
were holy-people of the Judean background but were still adhering to and
preaching adherence to circumcision and the law
of Moses, which of course has been superseded by the covenant of spirit.
Peter was afraid and attempted to "look good" to the people from James,
and did not want word to get back to the 'leadership' in Jerusalem that
he was eating/drinking in company with people of a Gentile background
even though Peter himself knew better (refer to also Acts 10:1-11:18,
and 15:7-11).
And not only that, but also the rest of the Judeans (those holy-people of
the Judean/Israeli background) were caused to be hypocritical (they
answered in reply in pretense as if wearing a mask playing a part on a
stage, feigned to be what they are not, to be what those from James
wanted them to be, they were caused to judge underneath the truth and so
deliberately misrepresent themselves and the truth of God's Word) in
conjunction with Cephas (Peter who was
willfully being hypocritical), with the result or consequence that even
Barnabas was led-away together with their hypocrisy. Barnabas was led
away in the bad sense of being conducted away from where he should be to
being in conjunction with their feigning, dissimulation, their playing a
part as though they were on a stage and taking on the character of their
mask and not adhering to the accuracy of what they truly are (all
holy-people are sons of God, all have the same spirit of Christ within
them, and God is our Father).
Barnabas also was swayed by this hypocrisy and decided that he wanted to
be part of this pretense. This is the same Barnabas who was Paul's
co-apostle, who was to travel with Paul on their ministry of
heralding-forth the good-message to Gentiles, the people who were
uncircumcised, while Peter and James and John would herald-forth the
good-message to the Judeans/Israelites, those people who were already
circumcised!
Paul and Barnabas and Peter and James and John all knew the same
good-message, they knew that every holy-person has received the same
holy spirit-life, no matter what differing backgrounds people may have,
and they were supposed to speak and behave accordingly.
From what Paul has written, we learn that the wrong doctrine of those
lying-brothers had infiltrated and influenced the thinking-patterns of
some Christians in Jerusalem even though while Paul was in Jerusalem he
had not allowed them affect their thinking. Once Paul departed from
Jerusalem these lying people had filtered into 'headquarters'!
However, Peter's wrong behavior in Antioch was not fooling Paul who knew
exactly what he was doing and that the result of Peter's fearful
behavior was that other holy-people of the Judean background noticed
what he was doing "on the qt" and decided to be hypocrites together with
him. They dissembled with him. How very hurtful these goings-on must
have been for the holy-people of the Gentile background!
[Reference: Acts 15:1 and 35. See also the Books of James, I Peter, II
Peter, I and II and III John, and the good-message that John wrote
regarding the time when Jesus was on earth, including the period of time
after his resurrection but before his ascension into heaven to sit at
God’s right-hand side (the Gospel of John), and the Book of Revelation.]
Even though Paul knew what was happening and noted it against Peter, did
he just stand back and let it all happen without attempting to get
things back in order according to God's Word because it was the Apostle
Peter who did this? Paul continues:
Verse 14:
.14but when I saw that they do not walk-uprightly
with the truth of the good-message I said to
Cephas in-front-of all-people, "Since you
being-from-the-beginning Judean live
Gentilishly, how do you constrain the Gentiles to be
Judean?
BUT contrary to hypocrisy, when I saw (perceived, knew) that Peter and
Barnabas and the other holy-people of the Judean background were not
walking-uprightly (literally: not moving their feet straight in line;
figuratively: not behaving correctly, not proceeding in a level and
direct course, not conducting themselves in the right way) towards/with
the truth which is the good-message, I definitely communicated with
words to Cephas before all the holy-people
present at that time:
- “since (there is no question but that) you, being a holy-person who is
fleshy-wise born of the Judean descent, presently and actively live in a
Gentilish-manner (which is to go away-from
the truth of what God says),
-
how do you constrain (compel, cause to necessitate by persuasion or by
force) the holy-people who are fleshy-wise born of the Gentile descent
to live in a Judean-manner (which is to adhere to the law of Moses, the
old covenant)?”
By refusing to eat together, Peter was refusing to celebrate the truth
that all holy-people have already been made righteous/justified and we
are all limbs of the one and the same body of Christ in the spirit
category, not two separate bodies still endeavoring to make
ourselves righteous before God!
Peter was going backwards in the walk/behavior category, not into his
previous Judean way-of-life (even though that was his pretense) but he
was going into the Gentilish way-of-life
(which is to go against what God says) – instead of going forwards in
motion towards/with the truth of the good-message.
Since Peter's motion in the walk/behavior category was to now live
Gentilishly (but pretending to live in a
Judean manner), how was he constraining the Gentiles who had become
holy-people just like him to now live in a Judean fashion? This is a
logical question to one who was supposed to teach others the truth of
God's Word and how to behave accordingly.
Also, it is worth noting that Paul did not go into a back-alley somewhere
or into a back-room to chat about this situation – he confronted Peter
in front of all the holy-people/Christians who were being affected one
way or another by Peter's hypocrisy, and so all of them heard it and
could learn from it too!
[Reference: I Corinthians 5:11, 10:16, 17, 31, 11:23-34; I Timothy 5:19
and 20.]
Paul did not directly answer that question, which emphasized the
wrongness of Peter's action, nor did Peter answer the question – but
Paul continued by explaining to Peter and those listening at that time,
plus all who subsequently read this letter:
Verses 15 and 16:
.15We, by nature Judeans and not sinners from
Gentiles, (are) .16having known2 that a
man is not made-righteous from works of law, except by means of
belief of Jesus Christ, and we believed into Jesus Christ in
order that we may be made-righteous from belief of Christ and not
from works of law, because from works of law all flesh will not be
made-righteous.
We – Paul and Peter who are naturally/physically Judean people and not
naturally sinners out-from Gentiles (we were not physically born into
people of nations other-than Israel/Judah who decide not to believe and
obey the only true God and thus miss the mark of God's truth) – knew and
we still know (perceive, see) that…
- a
man is not presently caused to become righteous (set-forth by a
judicial act making him righteous, justified) from God's viewpoint
out-from works of law (originating from the law's deeds, the actions
stipulated by the law which God gave to Moses for Israel to adhere to,
things-wrought which are produced-by adherence with the law of the old
covenant);
- but
a man is made-righteous by means of belief of Jesus Christ (through that
belief, faith, trust, which pertains to Jesus Christ who carried-out the
law of Moses to its completion; belief of Jesus Christ is the action or
agency by way of which it is necessary for the initiated progress to
pass-through in order to reach the resulting accomplishment of being
made-righteous).
And we previously believed (past tense, we’ve already believed) into,
regarding, with a view to, directed to Jesus Christ (the object of our
belief is Jesus Christ) – why? – for the purpose and result that we
would be made-righteous out-from the belief pertaining to Christ (the
Anointed-one, the Messiah who has been resurrected) and not out-from
works of law, because out-from works of law, the law's works, all flesh
(the flesh of every man, woman, child) will not be made-righteous
in the future.
The resurrected Christ is the ending-issue of the law
of Moses; the works of law have been fulfilled. Christ believed all that
God gave him to believe (Hebrews 12:2) and thus he accomplished what God
asked him to accomplish. Since the day of Pentecost God has made known
to mankind the belief that we must believe in order to become God's
children receiving the gift of holy spirit thereby becoming righteous
(Romans 10:8-10). Previous to Jesus Christ accomplishing redemption and
salvation for mankind it was not available to believe regarding what he
did because he had not done it yet! Today, all who believe regarding the
Lord Jesus Christ receive holy spirit-life. All of us who are
holy-people have the spirit of Christ in us and therefore spiritually we
have Christ's belief within us – now it is up to our freedom of will to
listen attentively to our holy spirit and behave accordingly.
[Reference: Acts 13:38; Romans 1:16, 17, 3:20-28, and 10:4-17; I
Corinthians 1:30, and 15:50; Ephesians 2:8-18; Philippians 3:9.]
Paul continued speaking to Cephas/Peter:
Verses 17 and 18:
.17But if (we), seeking-after to be
made-righteous in Christ, were found also sinners ourselves,
consequently (is) Christ a minister of sin? – may it not
become! – .18for if which-things I disunited these-things
again I build, I commend myself a stepping-aside-person!
But if we holy-people, presently looking or endeavoring to be justified
within Christ, were found at a future time by God also to be sinners
ourselves even though we have believed into Jesus Christ, then
correspondingly to that I ask you: does this mean that Christ is a
minister of sin (one who serves sin to 'benefit' others, doing work to
bring sin as though it were a profit to others, one who carries-out his
day-by-day ministerial-duties, one who has been given duties of service
pertaining to sin)? May it not become! No, of course not!
The thought of such a thing being so repulsive to Paul is conveyed in his
expression of may it not become, may it not come into being that such a
thing could happen! Christ is not a minister of sin. Paul continues: for
the truth is that if I presently and actively build again the things
which I have previously disunited (disintegrated, its parts loosened
down one from another, I have already dissolved or dismembered), then I
am the one who is commending myself (causing myself to stand in
conjunction together, in the sense of favorably introducing myself)
being a stepping-aside-person (a person who willfully steps aside from
God's Word, a transgressor of what God says in the walk/behavior
category) – what a commendation to give oneself!
Paul knew that Peter had already progressed in his walk with and for God
and the Lord Jesus Christ to a point of knowing that Christ is the
completion of the law of Moses and therefore all of its demands have
been met in Christ, but Peter had been behaving wrongly, building the
law and circumcision, its works, back into his present way of living
every day as though he were not made righteous and he still needed to do
the law of Moses to become righteous and not be found a sinner.
Verses 19-21:
.19For I died to law by means of law in
order that I may live to God: .20I was crucified-together2
with Christ, but I live – no-longer 'I' but Christ lives in me – but
(the manner) which I now live in flesh I live in belief, the
(belief) of God and of Christ the (one) having loved1
me and having given himself over on behalf of me; .21I do
not reject the grace of God; for if righteousness (were) by
means of law consequently Christ died free-giftly!"
Continuing to remind and teach Peter and all present
and listening, Paul says: in truth, I died (have become quite dead)
relative to law through law for the purpose and result that I would live
relative to God.
Let me explain: I was crucified in conjunction with Christ and that truth
has not changed with the passing of time, but I presently and actively
live, I am alive – not any longer "I" (fleshy me by myself) but the
resurrected Christ lives within me (the spirit of Christ lives within my
fleshy body, which is the holy spirit that I received when I first
believed what God says regarding Himself and His son, the Lord Jesus
Christ). Everything Christ did and accomplished and the
truth that he is alive today – I did and accomplished and I am alive
today in the spirit category having his life within me.
The mode or manner that I live in the flesh category, my walk/behavior
during the everyday living of my life, I live within the sphere of
action of belief – what belief? – God's belief which is also Christ's
belief which is what God says. And Christ is the one who loved1
me (this word comes from the Greek word agape which is God's kind
of love). And Christ is the one who gave himself along into the power of
another (the devil, satan) on my behalf.
I do not reject the grace of God (I do not displace, un-put, cause to put
from me God's unmerited favor which He has already bestowed upon me
having given me holy spirit by means of the Lord Jesus Christ, plus the
grace allowing me to be an apostle) in the walk/behavior category.
In truth, if righteousness (justness, justice, the attributes of
justification, the quality of being and doing what is just/right from
God's point of view) were by means of (through) our carrying-out the law
(the law of Moses, the doing of its precepts, its observance), then
correspondingly to that : Christ died free-giftly
(gratuitously, without a cause, he became quite dead unwarrantedly,
wholly superfluous, there would have been no profit, no benefit to Jesus
Christ's death – Jesus Christ need not have completed or fulfilled the
law)!
Paul's face-to-face confrontation with Peter, with the other holy-people
listening to what he was saying, certainly was not "beating around the
bush," was it? No. Paul spoke straightforwardly according to the truth
of God's Word and the covenant of spirit, of-which each and every
holy-person/Christian is a sharer-in-common, no matter whether we are of
a Judean background or of a Gentile background.
[Reference: Romans 3:21-26, chapter 6, 7:4-6, and 8:10; I Corinthians
2:8, 15:3 and 4; Galatians chapter 3; Ephesians 2:14-16; Colossians
1:27. Note: verbs with a superscript 2 (2) immediately
following them indicate the "perfect" tense - details are provided in
the "Relevant Notes" link of this study.]
