There were no chapter or verse divisions in this letter, as we have them today in our Bibles, when Paul wrote it by revelation, and so he continues teaching the people being holy and believing in Christ Jesus from "chapter one" where he has just written that God gave Christ who is head over all-things to the church which is his body which is the fullness of the one filling all-things in all-people.
Ephesians 2:1-3:
2:1Even you being dead to the falling-asides, and to your sins .2in which at-some-time you walked according to the age of this world, according to the ruler of the authority of the air, of the spirit, the (spirit) now in-working in the sons of the un-persuasion, .3among whom also we all behaved at-some-time in the intense-yearnings of our flesh, doing the intentions of the flesh and of the mind-processes, and we used-to-be children by nature of wrath as also the remaining-people,
Even you - referring emphatically to you holy-people, sanctified-people, Christians, saints, children of God, having previously received the spirit of Christ in you and so you have everything spiritually that Christ has accomplished. Even you are presently and actively being dead relative-to the falling-asides from the truth of what God says (therefore these falling-asides cannot affect you in the holy spirit category), and you are being dead to the sins that you committed (your aberrations from God's Word, missing the mark of what God says)….
In the Greek texts, the verb translated “being” is present and active. The words “the falling-asides” and "to...sins" are in the dative case. Therefore, this phrase could refer to the state of the Ephesians before they became holy-people, or at the present time having already become holy-people. If it refers to past time, it could be translated as: and/even you being dead with/by/in the falling-asides, and with/by/in your sins…. Or, if it refers to present time (these Ephesians having already become holy-people) it could read as written above – all holy-people have spiritually all that Christ has accomplished.
Paul writes: even you being dead to the falling-asides, and to your sins, the sins within the sphere of action of which, during a past time which was before you received holy spirit-life, you walked (literally: moved the feet around, went on foot; figuratively: walked around during the everyday living of life, behaved or conducted yourselves). During that past time you could not behave yourselves in accordance with holy spirit because you did not have it. You have previously walked in sins:
When the Bible refers to someone or something as being "sons" or "children" of such-and-such which is intangible, for example "sons of the un-persuasion," we must recognize that this is a figure of speech. The word "un-persuasion" denotes the quality of these "sons" and the phrase indicates their essence, making a distinction regarding them from those who are holy and believing in Christ Jesus. The essence of the sons of the un-persuasion is that they are unwilling to be convinced of what God says even though they have heard it.
Specifically here, when Paul by revelation writes of the "ruler of the authority of the air, of the spirit, the (spirit) now in-working in the sons of the un-persuasion" he is referring to satan. Satan has many different names for his entity: the devil, serpent, etc. The devil is the chief-spirit against the only true God and God's purposes because by the freedom of his own will he refused to be persuaded by what God said, and actively went against Him. The devil is the leader of all the un-holy spirits (the unclean and evil spirits, devil-spirits, those angels which rebelled against God and continue in evil and badness towards God and mankind). The devil energizes his evil among his devil-spirits and among those people who are willing to follow his direction instead of following the direction of the only true God and God's son, the Lord Jesus Christ. These spirits and people are "the sons of the un-persuasion."
Paul now changes back to "we" and "our" showing that all holy-people were in the same spiritual-standing and fellowship-state from God's viewpoint. It was among these sons of the un-persuasion that also we all behaved (you and I and those with me – everyone of us were turned up in our mode of living, way/manner of moving-about during everyday living) at some past time:
1. in/within the sphere of action of the intense-yearnings of our flesh (the strong-desires fixed or attached upon certain objects, other-than God and the things of God, that proceed-from our flesh, the lusts which belong-to, pertain-to, issue or proceed from the flesh which we still have in the natural/physical category),
2. doing or performing the intentions (wills, active volition and desires) of the flesh and of the mind-processes (the conscious thinking-through and reflecting on perceptions in the mind, meditations), and
3. we continuously were in the past children naturally of wrath (those who were physically born belonging-to or being the objects-of the lasting-angry-vengeance of God, like the heat of a burning-fire, not a spur-of-the-moment thing) as also the rest of the people.
All of us came from our mother's womb only with a fleshy body and its soul/breath-life but without permanent holy spirit-life within us and that is why we were children of wrath – naturally, physically. The words "children of wrath" have a similar usage to the words "sons of the un-persuasion" which we have read earlier. In effect, we were under satan's influence, we allowed the devil to rule our lives, and satan lives within wrath because he and all who follow him are and will be subject to God's righteous/just wrath.
[Reference: Acts 26:18; Romans 1:18-32, 2:5-8, and chapter 6; Ephesians 1:21, 5:6; Colossians 2:10-15, 3:1-11; I Thessalonians 1:10, 4:17, 5:9; the Book of Revelation.]
.4but God being wealthy in mercy because-of much love1 was merciful-towards us, .5even us being dead to the falling-asides, He made-alive-together with Christ – with grace you are having been saved2 – .6and He raised (us) up-together and He caused (us) to-sit-down-together in the heavenlies in Christ Jesus .7in order that He may point-out in the ages, the coming-on (ages), the super-throwing wealth of His grace in benevolence on us in Christ Jesus –
But God – Who is being wealthy (rich) in mercy on account of the big amount of love1 (this word comes from the Greek word agape which is God's kind of love) which He has:
1. bestowed mercy towards us (He actively did not bestow merited-judgment, He withheld punishment from us who deserved to be punished, thus He gave us active relief)…
…even us (emphatically us – you, and I, and those with me, and every other holy-person), who are presently and actively being dead to the falling-asides from the right and truth of what God says which is His Word (this is a similar usage as verse 1 above), God:
2. caused us to become alive together with the Christ (God made all of us living, He gave us life together, in conjunction with one-another, jointly, with Christ! – our only real and true life now is our holy spirit-life which is the spirit of Christ in us)…
…with/by/in grace you (to whom I am writing this letter) are having previously been saved and you are still saved (this truth has not changed in the spirit category, you have been and continue to be made-safe to God because you have received holy spirit)…
…and He (God):
3. raised us up-together (caused us to rise up in conjunction with Christ and one-another, jointly), and
4. caused us to-sit-down-together (made us sit down, seated us in conjunction with Christ and one-another, jointly)…
a. in the heavenlies (within the sphere of action of all that pertains to the heavenly realm, as opposed to those things which pertain to the earthly realm; the plural word "heavenlies" gives great emphasis and expansive greatness to this realm; literally anywhere above the earth, but here it is used metaphorically referring to God's spirit realm, all that is upon and pertaining to heaven, God)
b. in Christ Jesus (within the sphere of action of the Anointed-one, the Messiah, who is alive, having been raised up from among the dead-people by God and given his spiritual body and who is now seated at the right-side of God in the heavenlies).
Why? For the purpose and result that God would point-out (indicate or point-out as though with His finger, display), during the ages (durations of life, life-times) that are presently in motion coming on/upon us, the wealth of His grace in benevolence (the richness of His unmerited favor within kindness, supplying what is appropriately needed for use in specific situations), which wealth is super-throwing (surpassing or being extreme to a great-degree, as if throwing or casting itself for an extreme distance or measure beyond the limits already attained) down-on us holy-people in/within Christ Jesus.
In chapter 1, Paul wrote the following regarding Christ:
Here in chapter 2 we read what God has done for all of us holy-people/Christians:
[Reference: Romans 2:4, 5:8-11, 6:3-11, 9:23, 24; Philippians 3:20, 21; Colossians 2:11-13, 3:1; I Peter 1:3.]
Verses 8-10:
.8for with grace you are having been saved2 by means of belief, and this (free-gift is) not out-from you (but) the free-gift (is out-from) God, .9not out-from works in order that someone may not boast – .10for we are His made-product, having been created in Christ Jesus on good works which God prepared-beforehand in order that we may walk in them.
Paul again writes "you" – thereby bringing the attention of those to whom he is writing to the truth that "you" are included also, and he repeats "grace" thereby emphasizing the wealth of God's grace.
He writes: in truth, you are presently and actively in the spiritual-standing of having already been saved and you are still saved with/by grace (bestowed unmerited or undeserved favor) by means of belief (through faith, trust of what God says regarding Himself and the Lord Jesus Christ).
And, this free-gift is not out-from you yourselves. The word translated "free-gift" emphasizes the fact that the gift is freely given, even though the actual gift is a valuable quality item. This free-gift or present is voluntarily given to become dedicated to God and to be used for His service - here referring to the truth that all holy-people have been saved by means of belief because of all that God has voluntarily made us to be in Christ Jesus.
This free-gift is not out-from (it did not originate in motion from) you yourselves. You did not cause yourselves to be saved becoming what you are now in Christ Jesus. But the gift definitely originated in motion from the only true God Himself. God is the One Who caused you to become who you are now in Christ Jesus.
This gift is definitely not out-from works (things that are wrought, deeds, effects-produced having acted expending energy). This gift is not from any works you may have done (which you may have labeled 'good' or 'bad') – why not? For the purpose and result that some person or spirit would not boast, may not speak loudly as though it were a justifiable claim that somehow he/she/it had forced God into doing what He did because this person or spirit had "worked so long and hard" and so it was deserved. Not even the Lord Jesus Christ could justifiably claim that he did what he did all by himself! This free-gift is out-from God. God is the One from Whom this gift originated. We holy-people are dedicated to God and we are to live our lives in/for His service.
Paul continues next regarding "we" and thereby emphasizes that all holy-people, those to whom he was writing and himself and those with him are included. In truth, we (all of us) presently and actively are God's made-product (thing-made, His production, done-thing, that-which God has done or made). All of us together collectively (not separate entities one from another) are God's made-product in the holy spirit category.
How did God do this? We have already been created (brought-into-being or established and still in progress) within Christ Jesus resting or based upon good works (works that issue from God Who is good, deeds, effects-produced having acted expending energy in accordance with what is perfectly admirable from God's viewpoint), which good works God prepared-beforehand (previously made-ready). Who prepared these good-works beforehand? God. Why? For the purpose and result that we would actively walk (behave, conduct ourselves during the everyday living of our lives) within the sphere of action of these good works.
This, of course, is in stark contrast to the manner in which we all walked around in accordance with the devil before we received God's gift of holy spirit (as we have studied above)! But, with grace all holy-people are having been saved and continuing saved by means of belief, and this gift is not out-from us but the gift is out-from God, not out-from works in order that someone may not boast – for all of us together as one are God's made-product, having been created in Christ Jesus on good works which God prepared-beforehand in order that we may walk within them.
We did not cause ourselves to be saved, and we could not walk in these good works if God had not created us in Christ Jesus making us His production. God gave us the gift of holy spirit by means of the Lord Jesus Christ when we believed His belief, and it is in Christ that we are able to walk within these good works – this is not referring to any work or action that mankind may label as a 'good cause' or a 'charitable work.'
[Reference: Matthew 2:11; Luke 21:4; John chapter 14; Romans 3:24-28, 4:16, 10:8-11; Galatians 2:16, 3:25-29; Hebrews 5:1.]
Verses 11 and 12:
.11On-which-account you must remember that at-some-time you (were) Gentiles in flesh, the (people) being said (as) "uncircumcision" by the (group) being said (as) "circumcision" (which is) handmade in flesh, .12because you used-to-be without Christ at that time, having been alienated-from2 the citizenship of Israel and strangers of the covenants of the promise, not having hope and without-God in the world –
Paul again specifically addresses those to whom he is writing showing the contrast between their past life and their present life from God's viewpoint both in the walk/behavior category and in the spirit category.
Wherefore you holy-people must remember (actively call to your minds and have in memory) that during a past time you were Gentiles (people of nations other-than Israel) and this was demonstrated by you within your flesh because you remained physically uncircumcised, the people being spoken by others as "uncircumcision" (having foreskin) by the one group of people being spoken by others as "circumcision" (having cut-around removing the foreskin – see Genesis chapter 17) which is handmade within flesh. Fleshy circumcision is done by a person's hand physically cutting the foreskin off from the rest of the person's flesh which necessitated the shedding of that person's blood while cutting but afterwards being healed and not having to deal with that flesh anymore.
Why? Because you used-to be without (apart-from) Christ (the Anointed-one, Messiah whom God first promised in Genesis 3:15) during that specific time-period (occasion, season) because you had been alienated and stayed alienated (estranged, caused to belong-to another or others) away-from the citizenship of Israel (the condition and rights of the people of Israel as though they were within a walled-town or city, here referring to Israel's citizenship relative-to God's kingdom).
And you were strangers of the covenants of the promise (foreigners, people who did not belong to the family receiving the binding-agreements pertaining-to the promise, God's own proclamation of His own intention relative-to the Christ). And so at that time you were not having hope (you did not have the definite hope relative-to the Christ, which God gives those who believe what He says). And you were without-God (God-less, un-God, you did not have the only true God as your God) while you naturally (physically) lived or existed in the world.
[Reference: Acts 22:28; Romans 9:4; Colossians 1:21, 27; I Thessalonians 4:13.]
Verses 13-18:
.13but now in Christ Jesus you, the (people) at-some-time being distant, were caused-to-become near in the blood of Christ, .14for he is our peace, the (one) having made both one and having loosened the middle-wall of the fenced-enclosure, the enmity, in his flesh, .15having rendered-ineffective the law of the commandments in order that he may create the two in himself into one new man making peace .16and he may fully-reconcile both in one body to God by means of the cross, having killed the enmity in himself .17and having come he good-messaged peace to you, the distant-people, and peace to the near-people, .18because by means of him we both have the access in one spirit towards the Father.
But emphatically at the present time you who are within Christ Jesus (because you have already received the gift of holy spirit from God by means of the Lord Jesus Christ) – who at a past time were being distant (a long way away, far) from God and God's people – you were caused to become near within Christ's blood (his blood was shed, he died on your behalf). In truth, Christ Jesus himself presently and actively is our peace (all of us holy-people's peace, tranquil-harmony without strife). How? Christ Jesus is the one who has already:
1. made both one. Christ has brought-about the completed-action of both the distant-people (the Gentiles/other-nations who believe what God says) and the near-people (Israelites/Judeans who believe what God says) becoming one, not two different and separate peoples but one. And...
2. loosened the middle-wall of the fenced-enclosure, the enmity. Christ loosened (unbound what was bound, untied, unfastened) the inside dividing partition of the surrounding hedge or wall of a building such as a house or city, here referring to God's spiritual temple. This is similar to the natural/physical realm where there was a partition between God's area and God's people's area within the temple during the old covenant times, and so when it was loosened then freedom of movement was given to those within the temple to the whole temple, not only a particular section within it. Christ loosened the middle-wall of the fenced-enclosure, and this middle-wall was the enmity (the opposition, hostility between God and people).
To gain more depth of understanding of what this verse means, we must understand the basics of how the temple of God was built during the old covenant times. The temple had an outer-wall which divided the people whom God had chosen to be His people who were Israel (who sometimes believed and obeyed Him and therefore were permitted inside this temple enclosure), from those people who did not believe what He said and therefore they rejected Him and these Gentiles/nations were kept outside of the outer-wall of the temple. Inside of the temple there was a middle-wall, a partition, which bordered-off the "Holy of Holies" where God's presence was manifested and where the High Priest had access to God's presence only once a year, from the people of Israel who came into the temple.
As well as this, over the years there were a certain number of people who were of the Gentile descent but who wanted to be part of God's people because they believed what He said. For those people God gave permission for them to go within the outer-wall of the temple but they could only go inside a certain distance. There was a second middle-wall inside the temple between
Now in Christ Jesus you holy-people, the people at-some-time being distant, were caused-to-become near in the blood of Christ, for he himself (no other) is our peace, the one having made both one and having loosened the middle-wall of the fenced-enclosure, the enmity in his flesh. Christ Jesus did this within the sphere of action of his flesh. How? Christ Jesus is the one having rendered-ineffective the law of the commandments (he caused the law of the commandments to be inactive, inoperative and useless). Jesus Christ fully completed all of them, including death on the cross (refer to Galatians 3:10-14 and Romans 10:4). There is nothing else to be done as far as the law that God had given to Moses, Joshua and others for the descendants of Jacob/Israel (the sons or children of Israel) to fulfill.
Re-reading, Paul writes: but now in Christ Jesus you, the people (people) at-some-time being distant, were caused-to-become near in the blood of Christ, for he is our peace, the (one) having made both one and having loosened the middle-wall of the fenced-enclosure, the enmity, in his flesh, having rendered-ineffective the law of the commandments.... Why? For the purpose and result that:
a. he would create the two (Israel and Gentile who believe what God says) within himself into or resulting-in one (only one) new man making peace – only those being within Christ become one new man, and Christ is the one who is producing peace among all within him.
The Greek word translated "new" emphasizes the truth that this man is newly-made and different from what was previously in effect, new because it is different from that which had been formerly, new because it replaces the old! This new man came into being on the day of Pentecost, recorded in Acts chapter 2. The usage of the word "man" is a figure of speech in order for God and the Lord Jesus Christ to communicate with mankind on the level of mankind's understanding. This "one new man" is not a fleshy or a natural/physical man, but it is spiritual, made-up or consisting of every person who has received holy spirit-life from God by means of the Lord Jesus Christ. We are all in Christ, in his one spiritual body. We are all limbs of his body. This is similar to the physical foot and arm and eye, etc, being in a person's physical body, many limbs and all the limbs together constitute one body. We are the one spiritual body of Christ and Christ is the head, and we all share-in-common the same holy spirit-life.
And for the purpose and result that:
b. he would fully-reconcile both (
To "fully-reconcile" means to absolutely-change, and that great degree of change is on the part of one party only, and is induced by some action on the part of another party. In this context, Christ did what he did in order that he would actively cause people from both the Israeli/Judean and the Gentile/other-nation backgrounds to change away-from their former relationship with God in response to an action on God's part via the Lord Jesus Christ to help bring this about, which was by means of (through) the cross of Christ. Those who believe what God says become limbs/members of Christ's one spiritual body, in his body, and so are fully reconciled to God.
You may be interested to know that when we read the word translated "cross" it means a "stake" and so we ought to realize that Jesus Christ was crucified on a stake, as the trunk of a tree or single log of wood stuck upright into a hole in the ground. Thus his hands would not have been out to either side nailed on another piece of wood, but they were stretched above his head and nailed in that position which made it much more difficult for him to breath, etc. "The cross" here refers to everything involved in the complete sacrifice of the Lord Jesus Christ on that cross. God had provided this sacrifice for mankind but it was Jesus Christ's own freedom of will to do God's will and offer the sacrifice of himself to God.
"The cross of Christ" includes his death and his burial and also his resurrection from the dead which proved God's having accepted his sacrifice, and his ascension into heaven, plus his being seated at this present time at the right-side of God in the heavenlies, within God's spirit realm, and having shed forth the gift of holy spirit making it available to mankind. He could not have accomplished all he has done if he were still dead nailed to the cross or still dead buried in the earth.
Now in Christ Jesus you, the people at-some-time being distant, were caused-to-become near in the blood of Christ, for he himself is our peace, the one having made both one and having loosened the middle-wall of the fenced-enclosure, the enmity, in his flesh, having rendered-ineffective the law of the commandments in order that he may create the two in himself into one new man making peace and he may fully-reconcile both in one body to God by means of the cross.
Explaining further:
i. Christ has already killed the enmity in himself. Christ put to death the opposition, the hostility between both the Israeli-Gentile peoples and God in/within the sphere of action of himself. Jesus Christ was the efficient and instrumental cause of having killed this enmity, because he died on behalf of our sins.
And...
ii. Christ has already come, and he has good-messaged (gospelized, evangelized) peace to you, the distant-people, and peace to the near-people.
The resurrected Lord Jesus Christ indeed has come. He has shed-forth the gift of holy spirit making it available to mankind (refer to Acts chapter 2). All who believe what God says regarding Himself and His son, the Lord Jesus Christ, receive holy spirit-life which is the spirit of Christ. This gift of holy spirit has good-messaged peace and continues to reveal information, which is exactly what Jesus Christ told his apostles even before he was crucified on the cross (refer to John 14:16-28 and 16:7-16). When the gift of holy spirit was shed-forth to mankind, peace was good-messaged by Christ to you Gentiles and peace to the descendants of
Why has Christ done this? Because it is by means of him that we both (holy-people of the Gentile/other-nation background and holy-people of the Israel/Judean background) presently and actively have/hold the access in one spirit towards the Father.
Christ is the agency by way of which the initiated progress passes-through in order to reach the accomplishment of holy-people having access in one spirit towards the Father. It is through Christ that we holy-people have the access (the one and only leading or bringing towards, the approach) within that one spirit (within the sphere of action of our holy spirit) in motion towards being with and in the presence of the Father. Our Father is the only true God. God is the Father of the Lord Jesus Christ and the Father of all holy-people. We holy-people have access in one spirit towards our Father.
The word "Father" emphasizes our sonship-relationship with God because we have the spirit of Christ in us. Our holy spirit-life has all the righteousness and ability that the resurrected Christ himself has because we are limbs of his body, the one spiritual body of Christ. It gives us freedom of access to our spiritual Father Who is God. It also gives God freedom of access to us via our holy spirit-life. There is two-way spiritual communication between us.
[Reference: Isaiah chapter 53, 57:19; Matthew 21:33; Luke 14:23; John 10:16, 14:26-28, 16:7-16; Acts 2:38 and 39, 3:26; Romans 5:1, 2 and 8-11, 7:6, 8:1-4 and 7-9; I Corinthians 1:17-19, 11:23-27, 12:7-27, 15:56; II Corinthians 5:12-21; Galatians 3:26-29, 6:12-15; Ephesians 3:5 and 12, 4:4; Philippians 2:8; Colossians 1:20-22, 27, 2:11-15; II Thessalonians 3:16; Hebrews 10:12-20; I Peter 3:18; I John 3:8 and 9, 5:6-12.]
Verses 19-22:
.19Consequently you are no-longer strangers and sojourners but you are citizens-together with the holy-people, even God's household-people, .20having been built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets – Christ Jesus himself being (the) extreme-corner, .21in whom all (the) building joining-together increases into (the) holy interior-temple in (the) Lord, .22in whom also you are being built-together into (the) dwelling-down-place of God in spirit.
Paul continues: in correspondence to what I have just written, you are no-longer (not anymore) strangers (foreigners, people who do not belong to God's family) and you are no-longer sojourners (people who house or dwell as temporary residents, as settlers beside or near the family, but who do not have the citizenship rights as the true dwellers have). But on the contrary, you are citizens together (people who have citizenship, the rights of people within a walled-town or city in conjunction) with the holy-people, even (emphatically) you and all other holy-people are household-people belonging-to God (people who are presently, and will continue to be, members of God's household, His family dwelling within His house, building or dwelling).
[Interestingly, there is a Greek word, oikos, from which many other Greek words come. These words, which all come from the same root-word, may be translated into English as: house, to build a house, household, householders, to build, building, to dwell, dwelling, to inhabit, habitation, to edify, edification, plus many other words in the English language, but we ought to understand that when reading any one of these words they all relate to each other even though in English it is difficult to consistently use the same basic word in every rendering of it to communicate the meaning. Also, it is used figuratively referring to the action or process of building upwards and establishing.]
You are citizens-together with the holy-people, even God's household-people – how? You have been built resting or based upon the foundation (that-which is put or laid being fundamental, like the foundation of a building whereby the rest of the building stands on top of it and is supported by it) laid by apostles (people sent-forth by God and/or by the Lord Jesus Christ on a mission or specific assignment to other people) and prophets (people who speak-forth for God to other people) – Christ Jesus himself being the extreme-corner.
Christ Jesus himself, nobody or nothing else, presently and actively is being the one in the honorable position of the extreme-corner (the pointed-corner, the tip, top angle being the extremity which is necessary to bear, support and integrate the whole building because of its position in relation to the rest of this building or house). The cornerstone is laid to be the joining and supporting strength to the two walls which are connected to it. Christ Jesus is the one in whom all holy-people, from both the Israeli and the Gentile backgrounds, are being connected. We are limbs of his one spiritual body – if Christ Jesus were not the extreme-corner, then there could not be any building, no house!
The 'interior-temple' refers to the innermost-part of God's temple, as the most sacred area within the temple in
Reviewing, Paul wrote: consequently you are no-longer strangers and sojourners but you are citizens-together with the holy-people, even God's household-people, having been built on the foundation of the apostles and prophets – Christ Jesus himself being (the) extreme-corner, in whom all (the) building joining-together increases into (the) holy interior-temple in (the) Lord, in whom also you are being built-together into (the) dwelling-down-place of God in spirit.
[Reference: Psalm 118:22; Isaiah 28:16; Matthew 16:18, 21:42-45; Acts 2:42, 4:10-12, 17:24; I Corinthians chapter 3, 6:19 and 20, 9:1, 15:3-10; Galatians 6:10; Ephesians 3:5, 4:16; Philippians 3:20 and 21; Colossians 2:7 and 19; I Thessalonians 2:13; Hebrews 2:3; I Peter 2:4-8; II Peter 1:16, 3:15 and 16. Note: verbs with a superscript 2 (2) immediately following them indicate the "perfect" tense - details are provided in the "Relevant Notes" link of this study.]
